The Roman Army A to Z: plumbata

plumbata (f. pl. plumbatae)

A dart weighted with lead (Veg., DRM 1.17); p. tribolata: a spiked version of the missile (DRB 10). See also martiobarbulus [Bishop and Coulston 2006]

The Roman Army A to Z: pinna

pinna (f. pl. pinnae)

Literally ‘a fin’, a merlon on top of a breastwork. Caes., BG 5.40; Aul. Gel. 9.1.1. See also lorica [Goldsworthy 2003]

The Roman Army A to Z: pilus

pilus (m. pl. pili)

Centurio from the right flank of a cohors; p. posterior: the second centurio in a cohors, in the right rear (AE 1993, 1584; CIL VI, 3404); p. prior: the first centurio in a cohors, in the right front (AE 1993, 1575; CIL III, 6611). See also primus pilus [Goldsworthy 2003]

The Roman Army A to Z: pilum

pilum (n. pl. pila)

A heavy javelin consisting of a wooden shaft and a ferrous shank, most having a head designed to pierce both shield and armour, and with both heavy and light and socketed and tanged varieties (Livy 21.8.10; Tac., Ann. 2.14; Veg., DRM 2.15); p. muralis: a type of pilum designed for use in defending a rampart (Caes., BG 5.40.6; Tac., Ann. 4.51); p. praepilatum: a pilum with a blunted tip, possibly used for training purposes (Bell. Afr. 72). [Bishop and Coulston 2006]

The Roman Army A to Z: pil(l)eus Pannonicus

pil(l)eus Pannonicus (m. pl. pil(l)ei Pannonici

A form of round, fur cap with a flat top worn by soldiers in the Later Roman period even when not wearing helmets and possibly as a helmet liner. Frequently worn by augusti and caesares of the Late Empire, probably to signify their military prowess. Veg., DRM 1.20. See also cento [Sumner 2009]

The Roman Army A to Z: phalera

phalera (f. pl. phalerae)

1. A metal disc which formed a junction as part of horse harness (Livy 44.26.6); 2. a metal disc given as an award, part of the dona militaria (CIL VIII, 217; III, 454). [Maxfield 1981]

The Roman Army A to Z: phalangarius

phalangarius (m. pl. phalangarii Gk. φάλαγγαρης)

The term phalangarius had evidently come into use by the 3rd century AD to distinguish heavy legionaries from lancearii. HA, Alex. Sev. 50.5. See discens phalangarius [Goldsworthy 2003]

The Roman Army A to Z: petrinos

petrinos (Celt.)

The second stage of the hippika gymnasia, whereby those attacking the testudo are in turn attacked with missiles by the defenders (Arr., Tech. Tak. 37) [Hyland 1993]

The Roman Army A to Z: per strigas

per strigas (adj.)

Aligned parallel with the via praetoria. Inferred from DMC 15. [Johnson 1983]

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The Roman Army A to Z: persona

persona (f. pl. personae)

A face mask, as found on cavalry sports and clibanarius helmets. Amm. 16.10.8. [Goldsworthy 2003]